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Abstract Many decisions must be made under stress; therefore, stress and decision-making are intrinsically related not only at the behavioral level but also at the neural level. Additionally, virtual reality tools have been proposed as a method to induce stress in the laboratory. This review focuses on answering the following research question: Does stress assessed by physiological variables of a subject under virtual reality stimuli increase the chances of error in decision-making? The reviewed studies were consulted in the following databases: PubMed, IEEE Xplore, and Science Direct. The analysis of the consulted literature indicates that the stress induced in the laboratory using virtual reality tools and the physiological response of the central and autonomous nervous system are complementary subjects and allow the design of training and support systems for the decision-making process.
Resumen Muchas decisiones deben tomarse bajo estrés, por lo tanto, el estrés y la toma de decisiones están intrínsecamente relacionados, no solo a nivel conductual sino también a nivel neural. Además, las herramientas de realidad virtual se han propuesto como un método para inducir estrés en el laboratorio. El presente trabajo de revisión temática se centra en responder la siguiente pregunta de investigación: ¿El estrés evaluado mediante variables fisiológicas de un sujeto bajo estímulos de realidad virtual aumenta las posibilidades de error en la toma de decisiones? Los estudios revisados fueron consultados en las siguientes bases de datos: PubMed, IEEE Xplore y Science Direct. El análisis de la literatura consultada indica que el estrés inducido en el laboratorio, por medio de herramientas de realidad virtual, y la respuesta fisiológica del sistema nervioso central y autónomo son temas que se complementan y permiten el diseño de sistemas de soporte y entrenamiento para el proceso de toma de decisiones.
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Numerous studies showed that the growth of medicinal plants in their native areas was simultaneously affected by abiotic stress combinations. Compared with single stress, plants have unique responses to a combination of different abiotic stresses and cannot be inferred directly from plants' responses to each individual stress. The effect of combined stresses on plants usually has three types of synergistic antagonism or independence. The secondary metabolism in the process of medicinal plant stress combination response also played a vital role, and environmental stresses can spur the accumulation of secondary metabolites, but under the stress combination, plants induce specific gene expression of key enzymes on secondary metabolic pathways, in turn, the accumulation of secondary metabolites against stress is formed. When plants are subjected to stress combination, the interaction of multiple signaling pathways makes it highly complex for plants to respond to stress combination. This paper summarized the effects of stress combination on physiological and secondary metabolism of medicinal plants, and discussed the related physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms. It provides theoretical basis for improving the adaptability of medicinal plants to adversity, improving the quality of Chinese medicinal materials, and further optimizing the cultivation of medicinal plants.
Subject(s)
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Metabolic Networks and Pathways , Plants, Medicinal , Secondary Metabolism , Stress, PhysiologicalABSTRACT
Objective:To measure the physiological response and subjective experience differences between feminine and masculine women inducing anger,exploring women's susceptibility to depression.Methods:Thirty feminine women and 26 masculine women were selected from 745 college women students who filled in the Chinese College Students'Sex Role Inventory-50 items (CSRI-50),according to median classification method.Physiological response,including heart rate,skin conduct,respiration rate were recorded using Biotrace software from 5-10 min before watching films to films end,state anger were measured before and after films by the State Anger Scale(SAS),one of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-Ⅱ (STAXI-Ⅱ).Results:With inducing anger,the skin conducts were lower in feminine women than in masculine women[(6.1 ±4.6) μmho vs.(9.4 ±6.0)μmho,P ＜0.05],while the respiration rates were higher in feminine women than in masculine women[(19.4 ±2.8) bpm vs.(17.7 ± 3.3) bpm,P ＜ 0.05].The SAS sores were higher in feminine women than in masculine women[(31.6 ± 8.8) vs.(26.5 ± 9.2),P ＜ 0.05].Conclusion:It suggests that feminine women subjectively report more anger and physiological responses may be greater in watching anger inducing films,mainly in RSP rate,however masculine women's SC is higher,which indicates that future researches of anger and depression should consider sex role.
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Objective To investigate the physiological responses of healthy youth to doing chest compression as a feedback of quality of CPR after their rapid ascent to high altitude and to evaluate the feedback in the intervention effects of CPR.Methods Prospective,single sample,before-after comparison method was used in this study.Fifteen young adults from plains natives were enrolled as trial subjects in this study.All of them received basic life support training course in advance.In Chongqing (259 m above sea level),subjects performed empiric chest compressions on the model body for 4 minutes followed by feedback compressions for 4 minutes after at least 30 minutes rest.Compression depth,rate and other compression quality parameters were measured and recorded at each turn of compressions with an AED PLUS device.Subjects performed empiric compressions based on their knowledge and experiences,and practiced feedback compressions according to the audiovisual guidance of AED PLUS device.Blood pressure,heart rate and SpO2 were taken before and after each turn of compressions.One week after arrival to Lhasa (3658 m above sea level) by flight,all subjects were asked to do the same procedure as did in Chongqing to see their physiological response to.Paired t tests or Wilcoxon matched pair rank test were used for comparisons of measurements before and after trials.Results Systolic pressures,diastolic pressures,heart rates at baseline in Lhasa were significant different from those in Chongqing,including systolic pressure (125.9 ±9.5) mmHg vs.(112.7 ±13.4) mmHg,diastolic pressure (75.3 ±7.7) mmHg vs.(64.2 ±7.3) mmHg,heart rate (86.3 ± 13.0) beat/min vs.(72.7 ± 11.6) beat/min,SpO2 (90.4 ± 1.7)％ vs.(97.8 ±0.9)％,all P ＜ 0.01.In Lhasa,empiric compressions only caused an increase in heart rate (91.1 ± 14.9) beat/min vs.(86.3 ± 13.0) beat/min,P ＜ 0.01.However,feedback compressions resulted in a significant decrease in SpO2 [(88.3 ± 3.4) ％ vs.(90.6 ± 1.9) ％,P ＜ 0.01] as well as change of systolic pressure [(130.9 ± 11.7) mmHg vs.(120.1 ± 11.9) mmHg,P ＜0.05] and heart rate [(87.9 ± 17.5) beat/min vs.(80.9 ± 11.7) beat/min,P ＜0.05].In Lhasa,the compression quality during feedback compressions was closer to guideline recommendation than that during empiric compressions.The median (interquartile range) of composite qualification rate was 43.6％ (55.9％) vs.0.6％ (5.3％) during feedback compressions and empiric compressions respectively,P ＜ 0.01.Conclusions Compression quality decreased significantly among youth after rapid ascent to high altitude.Feedback techniques for CPR could effectively guide the rescuer to improve their CPR quality,but it may be at the expense of more physical consumption.
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PURPOSE: This paper identified the effects of kangaroo care (KC) on maternal self-esteem and the growth and physiological stability of premature infants hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit. METHODS: The experiment was conducted with an experimental group of 17 infants, and a control group of 17 infants selected by convenience sampling. KC was given to the infants one time a day for 30 minutes after feeding for two weeks. Their weight was measured every morning, and their physiological stability was measured in terms of their body temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and stability of the cardio-respiratory system in premature infants (SCRIP) score, as physiological responses at every 10 minutes during the intervention. Maternal self-esteem was assessed by a maternal self-report inventory. RESULTS: The experimental group showed significant increase in the self-esteem of mothers. Also, KC was effective on physiological stabilization of preterm infants. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that KC can be provided in clinical settings more widely in Korea as one of the nursing interventions aimed at promoting maternal self-esteem as well as infants' physiological stabilization.
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Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Body Temperature , Heart Rate , Infant, Premature , Intensive Care, Neonatal , Korea , Macropodidae , Mothers , Oxygen , Respiratory RateABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: This study sought to study the associations of noise with heart rate, blood pressure, and perceived psychological and physiological responses among post-cardiac surgery patients in ICUs. METHODS: Forty patients participated in this study after recovering from anesthesia. A sound-level meter was placed at bedsides to measure noise level for 42 hours, and patients' heart rate and blood pressure were recorded every 5 minutes. Patients were also interviewed for their perceived psychological/physiological responses. RESULTS: The average noise level was between 59.0 and 60.8 dB(A) at the study site. Annoyance and insomnia were the respective psychological and physiological responses reported most often among the patients. Although noise level, irrespective of measures, was not observed to be significantly associated with the self-assessed psychological and physiological responses, it was significantly associated with both heart rate and blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that the noise in ICUs may adversely affect the heart rate and blood pressure of patients, which warrants the attention of hospital administrators and health care workers.
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Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Anesthesia Recovery Period , Blood Pressure/physiology , Heart Rate/physiology , Noise/adverse effects , Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders/etiology , Stress, Psychological/etiology , Cardiac Surgical Procedures , Coronary Care Units , Linear Models , Postoperative PeriodABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to determine the physiological responses, stroke rate and stroke length of front crawl leg kick and arm stroke of age-group and college swimmers and to elucidate the characteristics of male age-group swimmers, which have not been highlighted adequately. The subjects were ten 11.8-to 12.4-year-old well-trained male elementary school swimmers (group E) and nine 20.1-to 21.1-year-old well-trained male college swimmers (group C) . All the subjects were categorized into similar swimming levels for their ages. All the experiments were performed in a swimming flume (AQUAGYM made by IHI) . The water velocities during leg kicking and arm stroking were 60 and 70%, respectively, of the maximal velocity at maximal oxygen uptake (Vmax) . The oxygen uptake (VO<SUB>2</SUB>), heart rate (HR), pulmonary ventilation (V<SUB>E</SUB>), tidal volume (TV), respiratory rate (RR) and blood lactate (BL) level of each group were significantly higher during leg kicking than arm stroking at both velocities. VO2, V<SUB>E</SUB>; and TV were significantly higher in group C than group E during leg kicking and arm stroking at both velocities, but HR, RR and BL did not differ significantly. The leg kick to arm stroke VO<SUB>2</SUB> ratio at 70% Vmax was significantly higher in group E than group C. The stroke rate at the same velocity was significantly lower and the stroke length was significantly higher in group C than group E, but the kick rate and length did not differ significantly. VO<SUB>2</SUB>·SR<SUP>-1</SUP> and VO<SUB>2</SUB> KR<SUP>-1</SUP> at both velocities were significantly higher in group C than group E. VO<SUB>2</SUB> Wt<SUP>-1</SUP> SR<SUP>-1</SUP> at 70% Vmax was significantly higher in group C than group E, but VO<SUB>2</SUB> Wt<SUP>-1</SUP> KR<SUP>-1</SUP> at both velocities was significantly lower in group C than group E. These results clarified the differences between group E and group C, which must be considered carefully when designing a training program for age-group swimmers.